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Essentials of Learning: Planning Instruction |
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A teacher has many things to do, and one of his most important activities is making sure that the learning of students is supported in every possible way. The previous chapters have described the nature of learning processes and learning outcomes and, thus, have indicated the potential ways in which student learning can be influenced. In this chapter and the next, we propose to discuss how procedures of instruction can be devised and used to make these potential influences become actualities. |
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Self-Instruction and Learning |
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As we have emphasized throughout this book, the instructional events designed to be carried out during an act of learning (several of which may occur during a single lesson) have the purpose of stimulating, activating, supporting, and facilitating the internal processes of learning. Any of these events may be useful in achieving these purposes for any specific lesson or lesson component, or all of them may be. However, it should be clear that the particular events which need to be planned for any given learner, or for any group of learners, cannot be predicted with precision. Individual differences among students are large, at all ages, and must be taken fully into account in the planning of instruction.
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Factors Involve in Select Instructional Strategies |
Concepts of Learning PsychologyOne selection approach is to study learning psychology and determine what various writers have to say about selecting the appropriate instructional strategy for a given objective. This information is presented by writers in several ways, but a common one is the cone of experiences. There are various renditions of this, depending upon the writer. The cone can represent a continuum from the simple to the complex from direct experience to wholly vicarious, or any other continuum the writer wishes to select. The difficulty with this approach is that it assumes that there is a continuum, and that concept is debatable. It also puts selection on a one-dimensional plane that excludes the variables of the material, the previous experience of the learner, and the style of the learner, and it usually completely ignores two other factors that will be discussed later in this section. The cones have some worth, for they organize the instructional strategies into usable patterns. The problem is with the Designer who seeks answer from the cones or continuums as the variables are complex. A single instrument will not permit the luxury of a quick and easy selection. |
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Benefits of Single Parent Involvement in Child Education |
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Single parent involvement in child education may seem hard to do, but in reality, it is easier than you think.
Benefits of Parental Involvement in Child Education A parent’s involvement in their child’s school and academic life has positive effects on her child’s growth, not only in school, but later on in life. The more a parent is involved in her child’s education, the more likely the child is to achieve higher than average grades, and develop a positive attitude towards school and homework. These children are also more likely to pursue higher education.
Given the benefits, for some parents, however, involvement in their child’s education may seem unworkable, and is true especially for working and single parents. Single parent involvement in child education is a challenge. Single parents feel they may not be able to contribute to their child’s learning or to their child’s school because of endless commitments to work, time constraints, and financial struggles.
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Earlier we mentioned four broad purposes of continuing education:
- To help people survive for example, by providing job training, coping skills tor day-to-day living, skills tor interpersonal relationships, etc.
- To help people discover a sense of meaning in their lives by helping them to enjoy personal creativity, satisfaction from excellence, and the benefits of emotional and intellectual discovery.
- To help people learn how to learn.
- To help people in a community (society) provide a more humane social, psychological, and physical environment for all its members.
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Essentials of Learning for Instruction |
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Learner's memory
These are often referred to simply as motives. There are many kinds of motives fundamental wants like the need for food; social motives such as desire for social approval, prestige, and affection; personal motives like curiosity and the desire for power or dominance. It is not possible to deal with varieties of motives in this book or do little more than acknowledge their existence. The desire for mastery or effectance, appears to be one of the most dependable motives on which to base the design of instruction. However, many different motives may play a part in learning on any particular occasion. Discovering what they are and setting them into motion is an important task for the teacher to undertake in lesson planning. |
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Curriculum: Select Instructional Strategies |
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To select instructional strategies that are appropriate for the curriculum, the learner, the instructor, and the organization. To revise the lesson plans, to reflect the decisions about instructional strategies.
The emphasis first on the curriculum and then on the instructional strategies is based on a concept stated about 150 years ago by an Italian architect who said. "Form follows function." We could develop a tortuous alliteration for our field. but to avoid any ambiguity let us put it in direct terms: "Instructional strategies follow the curriculum." This is not an easy rule to abide by. for the selection of instructional strategies is far from an automatic procedure. There are some general guidelines. which we will explore, but there are so many variations that it is generally impossible to list a particular element of the curriculum and automatically state that there is one way (that is. instructional strategy) to learn that element. |
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