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Conclusion of The Importance of Interpersonal Skills in Consultee-Centered Consultation

Conclusion

Being viewed as a facilitative consultant is based on a variety of factors, including the aggregated use of verbal and nonverbal communication skills. It is interesting to note that the research literature is generally quite supportive of the importance of facilitative characteristics such as empathy, congruence, and positive regard in the consulting process. Most of the research that looked at the importance of facilitative characteristics used consultee satisfaction as the primary dependent variable. Mait-land. Fine, and Tracy (1985) did use consultees' perceptions of client behavior change as an outcome measure, but ratings of this variable may have been influenced by a halo effect related to perceptions of the consultants. On the other hand, Bergan and Tombari (1976) did not look at consultee satisfaction; instead, they chose to look at identification and resolution of the client's problem as their outcome measures. Otherwise, we have little evidence that supports the idea that either relationship variables or verbal skills influence client outcomes. Since only one study has focused on nonverbal consultant behavior, it would be premature to draw even tentative conclusions in this area.
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Motivation Theory and Research


In this section we examine the role of theory in the study of motivation. Throughout this text we integrate theoretical principles and show how they relate to research and practice. We believe that a good theoretical understanding of motivation and knowledge of different types of research paradigms are necessary to appreciate the role of motivation in settings involving teaching and learning.

 
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Unveiling a New Science III

Social Neuroscience

This unveils eye-opening findings from the emerging field of social neuroscience. Yet when I started research for this book, I did not know that that field existed. Initially my eye was caught by a scholarly article here, a news clip there, all pointing to a sharper scientific understanding of the neural dynamics of human relationships:
  • A newly discovered class of neuron, the spindle cell, acts the most rapidly of any, guiding snap social decisions for us—and has proven to be more plentiful in the human brain than in any other species.
  • A different variety of brain cells, mirror neurons, sense both the move another person is about to make and their feelings, and instantaneously prepare us to imitate that movement and feel with them.
  • When the eyes of a woman that a man finds attractive look directly at him, his brain secretes the pleasure-inducing chemical dopamine—but not when she looks elsewhere.
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Unveiling a New Science I


During the early days of the second American invasion of Iraq, a group of soldiers set out for a local mosque to contact the town's chief cleric. Their goal was to ask his help in organizing the distribution of relief supplies. But a mob gathered, fearing the soldiers were coming to arrest their spiritual leader or destroy the mosque, a holy shrine.
Hundreds of devout Muslims surrounded the soldiers, waving their hands in the air and shouting, as they pressed in toward the heavily armed platoon. The commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Hughes, thought fast.
Picking up a loudspeaker, he told his soldiers to "take a knee," meaning to kneel on one knee. Next he ordered them to point their rifles toward the ground.
Then his order was: "Smile."
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The Importance of Interpersonal Skills in Consultee-Centered Consultation:G. Evette Horton And Duane Brown


This review explores the empirical research on the importance of interpersonal communication skills in consultation. Studies have 'found consultants' facilitative characteristics, along with an appropriate use of verbal and nonverbal skills, to be important in the consultation process. Because of the state of the research literature, however, the need for more studies on verbal and nonverbal communication skills is suggested.
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Unveiling a New Science IV

Acting Wisely

Way back in 1920, just after the first burst of enthusiasm about then-new IQ tests, psychologist Edward Thorndike created the original formulation of "social intelligence." One way he defined it was as "the ability to understand and manage men and women," skills we all need to live well in the world.

But that definition by itself also allows pure manipulation to be considered a mark of interpersonal talent.16 Even now some descriptions of social intelligence offer no distinctions between the callow aptitudes of a con man and the genuinely caring acts that enrich healthy relationships. In my view, simply being manipulative-valuing only what works for one person at the expense of the other—should not be seen as socially intelligent.
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Unveiling a New Science II

Social Corrosion

Today, just as science reveals how crucially important nourishing relationships are, human connections seem increasingly under siege. Social corrosion has many faces.
  • A kindergarten teacher in Texas asks a six-year-old girl to put her toys away, and she launches into full tantrum mode, screaming and knocking over her chair, then crawling under the teacher's desk and kicking so hard the drawers spill out. Her outburst marks an epidemic of such incidents of wildness among kindergartners, all documented in a single school district in Fort Worth, Texas.5 The blow-ups occurred not just among the poorer students but among better-off ones as well. Some explain the spike in violence among the very young as due to economic stress that makes parents work longer, so that children spend hours after school in day care or alone and parents come home with a hair trigger for exasperation. Others point to data showing that even as toddlers, 40 percent of American two-year-olds watch TV for at least three hours a day—hours they are not interacting with people who can help them learn to get along better. The more TV they watch, the more unruly they are by school age.
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